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Thus in these situations we need to rely on numerical approximation. Many option pay-off functions lead to boundary conditions which are much harder to solve analytically and some are impossible to solve this way.
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This is possible because the boundary conditions generated by the pay-off function of the European vanilla option allow us to easily calculate a closed-form solution. In the previous article on using C++ to price a European option with analytic solutions we were able to take the closed-form solution of the Black-Scholes equation for a European vanilla call or put and provide a price.
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